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Understanding Organizational Culture: An...

Martin, Sean, Kemp...

Technical Note

Understanding Organizational Culture: An Iceberg and a Toolkit

Martin, Sean; Kemp, Bianca

OB-1485 | Published March 12, 2025 | 12 pages Technical Note

Collection: Darden School of Business

Product Details

This technical note explores the concept of culture within an organizational context—what it is, how it functions, how it shows up, how it differs, and more importantly, how one effectively influences it. By reconciling Edgar Schein’s iceberg model with Ann Swidler’s toolkit metaphor, the note encourages managers to assess and understand organizational culture through six artifacts: symbols, stories, heroes, slogans, ceremonies, and rituals. It then delves into finer points, such as strong versus weak cultures, the competing values framework, Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory, and the existence of subcultures. This note is ideal for courses on leadership and management, organizational behavior, behavioral science, talent management, human resources, and positive psychology.

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